Bronchiolitis: symptoms and treatment
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By Christina Andrist, D.O., Mayo Clinic Health System
As a pediatrician, I see many illnesses during the winter and have had many sleepless nights as a mother with small children battling illness. The most common culprit is a lower respiratory viral infection called bronchiolitis. I truly love discussing bronchiolitis, because this is a disease that we only see in children under age 3.
Bronchiolitis impacts the small airways, which commonly causes nasal congestion and discharge, cough and, sometimes, wheezing in young children. All children are susceptible to bronchiolitis. If your baby was born prematurely, has heart or lung disease or is younger than 4 months, they are at a higher risk of acquiring this illness. Many viruses can cause bronchiolitis. The most common virus is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
Bronchiolitis affects children in multiple ways:
Fever
Your child may or may not have one with this illness. Call your provider if:
• Your child does not have 6 month immunizations and has a fever over 100.4.
• Your child is over 6 months and has a temperature greater than 102.2.
• Your child has not been immunized and is age 2 or under.
• Your child has a temperature of 100.4 or greater for more than five days.
I recommend rectal temperatures in children under 12 months. The younger the infant, the higher risk of bacterial infection. One of the signs of a bacterial infection in young children can be fever alone, which would warrant a laboratory workup. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends obtaining rectal temperatures in children 3 months or less for this reason. If your child has a rectal temperature of 100.4 or greater and is 28 days or less, he or she needs to seek medical attention immediately.
Changes in breathing
With breathing difficulties, your child may look like he or she is sucking in his or her neck and rib muscles, or his or her breathing may be faster than normal. In young infants, especially newborns and those less than 4 months, there can be long pauses in breathing or stopped breathing. This also would be concerning. Babies normally breathe through their nose. When they are stuffed up, they can’t breathe through their nose and often have difficulty eating. This can lead to poor feeding, which can contribute to dehydration (see below). This also can lead to sleep intolerance (see below). If your child is having any of these symptoms, then he or she would need to be immediately evaluated.
Dehydration
Consider bringing your baby in if he or she is making less than one wet diaper every six hours or has a significant change in wet diapers. As a reminder, infants up to 12 months should only receive breast milk, formula or a children’s electrolyte drink to help with hydration.
Changes in skin color or tone
Especially for newborns, younger infants and preterm infants, viruses can cause changes in skin color or tone. If your child starts to change color or tone, watch him or her carefully. For example, if he or she begins to look blue, white or pale, or appears limp or floppy, see your provider.
Children of all ages commonly get six to eight colds in a long season. This happens even to children with healthy immune systems, simply because they are being exposed to new illnesses. So, what do you do for them?
• Use a cool mist vaporizer to help decrease nasal congestion. Run it for 30 minutes with the bedroom door shut prior to nap time, bedtime and throughout the night.
• For infants under 6 months (who typically don’t move much in bed), you may try elevating the crib mattress by placing blankets or pillows underneath the mattress to create a 30-degree angle. This allows nasal discharge to drain out of the nose instead of the back of the throat, which can cause nighttime cough and sleep disturbance.
• Bulb suction with nasal saline two to three times a day dramatically helps reduce nasal congestion and allows infants to eat and sleep better. Don’t be alarmed if there is a little blood-tinged mucus after doing this. This virus causes irritation that can cause bleeding.
• For children less than 12 months, have a children’s electrolyte drink on hand. For children older than 12 months, hydrate with water or an electrolyte drink.
For some, this illness will come and go without severe symptoms. For others, that won’t be the case. I suggest all parents become familiar with these symptoms so the illness does not become more serious. If you have any questions, call your provider.
